In 1918, when the Ukrainian People’s Republic declared independence from the Russian Republic after the October Revolution there, Kyiv became its capital. From the end of the Ukrainian-Soviet and Polish-Soviet wars in 1921, Kyiv was a city of the Ukrainian SSR, and made its capital in 1934. The city suffered significant destruction during World War II but quickly recovered in the postwar years, remaining the Soviet Union’s third-largest city. The earliest yet discovered symbol in this shape is found in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345.
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As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301,[2] making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.[11] Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kyiv Metro. Kyiv is the undisputed center of business and commerce of Ukraine and home to the country’s largest companies, such as Naftogaz Ukrainy, Energorynok and Kyivstar. In 2010, the city accounted for 18% of national retail sales and 24% of all construction activity.[127][128][129][130] Real estate is one of the major forces in Kyiv’s economy.
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Urban sprawl has gradually reduced, while population densities of suburbs has increased. It is also prestigious to own a property in newly constructed buildings in the Kharkivskyi neighborhood or Obolon along the Dnieper. Originally on the west bank, today Kyiv is on both sides of the Dnieper, which flows southwards through the city towards the Black Sea. The older and higher western part of the city sits on numerous wooded hills (Kyiv Hills), with ravines and small rivers. Kyiv’s geographical relief contributed to its toponyms, such as Podil (“lower”), Pechersk (“caves”), and uzviz (a steep street, “descent”). Kyiv is a part of the larger Dnieper Upland adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper in its mid-flow, and which contributes to the city’s elevation change.
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- With the election of the new mayor-elect (Leonid Chernovetskyi) in 2006, these plans were shelved.
- According to the All-Ukrainian Census, the population of Kyiv in 2001 was 2,611,300.[82] The historic changes in population are shown in the side table.
- Kyiv’s geographical relief contributed to its toponyms, such as Podil (“lower”), Pechersk (“caves”), and uzviz (a steep street, “descent”).
- In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the Orange Revolution.
The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of the city. However, the prevailing south wind blew most of the radioactive debris away from Kyiv. A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (using the SMTP system), as in (the user jdoe located at the domain example.com). The absence of a single English word for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase,[2] Occitan arròba and Aragonese, Catalan, Portuguese and Spanish arroba, or to coin new words such as ampersat[3] and asperand,[4] or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,[5] but none of these have achieved wide use.
At sign
Twitter, a microblogging platform that was launched in 2006, embraced the phenomenon and in 2007 began embedding hyperlinks to user profiles and collecting tweets directed at them on a dedicated page. Other social networks followed suit, introducing similar features, and the @ sign soon became a standard tool to facilitate online interactions. Founded in 1993, The Motley Fool is a financial services company dedicated to making the world smarter, happier, and richer. The Motley Fool reaches millions of people every month through our premium investing solutions, free guidance and market analysis on Fool.com, top-rated podcasts, and non-profit The Motley Fool Foundation. The national government has delegated responsibility for water and sanitation services to local authorities.[157] Kyivvodokanal [uk] is a private joint-stock company that provides such services to Kyiv.
The Dnieper River naturally divides Kyiv into the Right Bank and the Left Bank areas. Historically on the western right bank of the river, the city expanded into the left bank only in the 20th century. Most of Kyiv’s attractions as well as the majority of business and governmental institutions are on the right bank. There are large industrial and green areas in both the Right Bank and the Left Bank.
Under Oleksandr Omelchenko (mayor from 1999 to 2006), there were further plans for the merger of some districts and revision of their boundaries, and the total number of districts had been planned to be decreased from 10 to 7. With the election of the new mayor-elect (Leonid Chernovetskyi) in 2006, these plans were shelved. In 1834, the Russian government established Saint Vladimir University, now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861). (Shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the geography department). The medical faculty of Saint Vladimir University, separated into an independent institution in 1919–1921 during the Soviet period, became the Bogomolets National Medical University in 1995. That low valuation should limit AT&T’s downside potential, and there’s no real reason to sell the stock before it spins off Warner Bros.
The adoption of the @ symbol for electronic communication began, predictably but incidentally, with the invention of email in 1971. When Ray Tomlinson was fiddling with code that would allow users to send messages across ARPANET, the experimental network that preceded the Internet, he needed a marker to separate the name of the user from that of the host terminal. He settled on @, one of the least utilized characters in ASCII, which was unlikely to appear in user or computer names and had little potential for causing confusion in the command lines of the operating system. But, because its meaning in those documents bears no evident connection to the sign’s later commercial use, the similarity in form of the a-based symbol may simply be coincidental.
One of Kyiv’s widely recognized modern landmarks is the highly visible giant Mother Ukraine statue made of titanium standing at the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War on the Right bank of the Dnieper. Other notable sites is the cylindrical Salut hotel, across from Glory Square and the eternal flame at the World War Two memorial Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, and the House with Chimaeras. Kyiv is further informally divided into historical or territorial neighbourhoods, each housing from about 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. Kyiv recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most important city of the Soviet Union.
This territory houses several “mini-villages” that represent by region the traditional rural architecture of Ukraine. Kyiv’s most famous historical architecture complexes are the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), which are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Noteworthy historical architectural landmarks also include the Mariinskyi Palace (designed and constructed from 1745 to 1752, then reconstructed in 1870), several Eastern Orthodox churches such as St. Michael’s Cathedral, St. Andrew’s, St. Volodymyr’s, St. Cyril’s, the reconstructed Golden Gate and others. A 2015 study by the International Republican Institute found that 94% of Kyiv was ethnic Ukrainian, and 5% ethnic Russian.[89] Most of the city’s non-Slav population comprises Tatars, South Caucasians, and other peoples from the former Soviet Union.
During the 1980 Summer Olympics held in the Soviet Union, Kyiv held the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of the football tournament at its Olympic Stadium, which was reconstructed specially for the event. Other notable sport stadiums/sport complexes in Kyiv include the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium, the Palace of Sports, among many others. At the city’s southern outskirts, near the historic Pyrohiv village, there is an outdoor museum officially called the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine.
In fact, the very earliest records that contain @ or similar shapes did not use them to represent a preposition. The first known use of the symbol in its traditional commercial sense is in a 1536 Spanish-language letter from a Florentine merchant. It stood for a unit of volume, arroba (“quadrantal”; from Arabic al-rubʿ, “one-fourth”), which represented the capacity of a standard amphora, a vessel used to store and transport liquids, cereals, and other goods. This use of the symbol was so widespread in Mediterranean trade that it is still called arroba in Spanish and Portuguese today.
Of these, the Mohyla Academy is the oldest, founded as a theological school in 1632, but Shevchenko University, founded in 1834, is the oldest in continuous operation. The total number of institutions of higher education in Kyiv approaches 200,[142] allowing young people to pursue almost any line of study. While education traditionally remains largely in the hands of the state there are several accredited private institutions in the city. The city prospered again during the Russian Empire’s Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century.
Yet over the past five years, the telecom giant’s stock lost nearly half its market value as the company made a series of debt-fueled acquisitions — including DirecTV and Time Warner — and struggled to expand its wireless business. Kyivteploenergo [uk] operates a centralized heating system, which provides heating and hot water to customers through a network of pipes that distribute hot water from centralized heating plants to buildings throughout the city. It operates a 2700 km network, two of the largest combined heat and power plants in Ukraine CHP-5 and CHP-6, as well as the only waste incineration plant Energia (plant) [uk] operating in Ukraine.
It expects its adjusted earnings per share (EPS), which will be affected by a higher tax rate, to grow 0% to 2%. On a pro forma basis, which excludes its divestments and spin-offs, it expects its revenue to rise by the low single digits. It expects its wireless service revenue to increase by more than 3%, and for its broadband revenue to grow by at least 6%. It connects the historic Uppertown, and the lower commercial neighborhood of Podil through the steep Saint Volodymyr Hill overseeing the Dnieper River. The historic tram system was the first electric tramway in the former Russian Empire and the third one in Europe after the Berlin Straßembahn and the Budapest tramway. The tram system consists of 139.9 km (86.9 mi) of track,[147] including 14 km (8.7 mi) two Rapid Tram lines, served by 21 routes with the use of 523 tram cars.
The most significant difference is that the city is considered as a region of Ukraine (see Regions of Ukraine). The Head of City State Administration – the city’s governor – is appointed by the president of Ukraine, while the Head of the City Council – the mayor of Kyiv – is elected by local popular vote. Within the city the Dnieper River forms a branching system of tributaries, isles, and harbors within the city limits. The city is close to the mouth of the Desna River and the Kyiv Reservoir in the north, and the Kaniv Reservoir in the south. Both the Dnieper and Desna rivers are navigable at Kyiv, although regulated by the reservoir shipping locks and limited by winter freeze-over.
In the course of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Ukrainian parliament proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in the city on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the Orange Revolution. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kyiv became the primary location of Euromaidan. During the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russian forces attempted to seize Kyiv but were repelled by Ukrainian forces on the outskirts of the city.
During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kyiv became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river. By 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, with a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities, and notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). In 1892, the first electric tram line of the Russian Empire started running in Kyiv (the third in the world). Kyiv prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce in its southwest.